Economics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial aspects - Coursework Example ‘Much of the opposition between these oligopolistic firms is generally as far as showcasing of their specific brand’ (Sloman, pp. 197-198 2008), in spite of the fact that the advertising strategies may contrast significantly starting with one industry then onto the next. There is a colossal arrangement of association between firms in an oligopoly. The theoretical reveals to us that they have power from multiple points of view as far as controlling costs and understandings. The choices made by the opponents will influence each firm. Firms, henceforth influencing their choices perceive this relationship (Sloman, pp. 197-198 2008). 2) Explain two explanations behind your answer being referred to 1? It is an understanding that the kind of the market structure is oligopolistic on account of the way that a couple of quantities of firms have a bigger portion of the market. Also, when there are intrigues as in the above case, so it shows that the sort of market structure is olig opolistic. Also, all the six organizations referenced don't generally contend forcefully (Bianco, 2011). It has been a perception that the organizations have combined/plot, which is done uniquely in instances of an oligopoly where there are a couple of number of firms and they have an impressive, share in the market. It shows that ‘the strategies of each organization extraordinarily impact those of different firms, due to the couple of merchants present’ (World Book, Inc, pp. 735, 2007). 3) What are the 6 Firm focus proportions for the worldwide pesticide industry? The worldwide pesticide industry (Swanson, pp. 52-59, 2002) is required to have a bigger proportion in the market on the grounds that there are these 6 enormous firms just which have an edge over the market. It is normal that they will have a syndication due the plots that have occurred. This will bring about a broad piece of the overall industry (Leiberman, pp. 23-25, 2007). 4) What is implied by a cartel? C artel is a type of arrangement. There are other sort of agreements like the flat and the vertical arrangement, and the joint item advancement (World Book, Inc, pp. 251, 2007). It is an affiliation that is framed by different makers of a specific industry to control the market for their item. By limiting the accessible gracefully, the selling cost is generally brought up in a cartel. Typically, a cartel comprises of exclusive organizations in some nation. A few governments may likewise shape a cartel. So as to succeed, a cartel ought to have a couple of individuals. Be that as it may, the cartel must remember all or the vast majority of the makers for a nation to have syndication in the item. It is important for the item to have less substitutes and it is good of the item is scant (World Book, Inc, pp. 240-242, 2007). Like the instance of compound industry in a horticulture showcase. In a cartel, the selling cost of an item is typically set at a more significant expense. So as to acq uire this more significant expense, as far as possible the yield that is anticipated from every part, consequently allocating every part a portion of the market. There is a high likelihood for the cartel to come up short if an enormous number of individuals undermine these courses of action (World Book, Inc, pp. 252, 2007). 5) Give two highlights of the intrigues by the organizations There are unequivocal arrangements and unsaid conspiracies. In unequivocal conspiracy, it is the least demanding route for firms to guarantee that all the benefit expanding yield will be in upkeep. Such

General Manager Person Specification Commerce Essay Free Essays

string(172) because of the idea of the worries we work inside that our core hours expected to change to oblige, with applied researchers start and finish times being staggered. My expert expect to be accomplished in the accompanying 2 mature ages is to go General Manager of Grantfen Fire Security Ltd. As this capacity does non by and by exist inside the organization I have inquired about the capacity of a General Manager. 1. We will compose a custom exposition test on Head supervisor Person Specification Commerce Essay or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now 1 †General Manager Person Specification A General Manager must be an eager chief with an expressive character, conduct and believability to put, keep and rise above steady top notch standards proportionate with hierarchical viewpoints. They have to hold sound diagnostic and figuring machine achievements with a capacity to pass on at all degrees. This individual would other than require to be point prodded †with the capacity to work to, and set, opportune open introduction objectives/targets and clear points with a persuasive and strong bearing way. All things considered would require to be a solid maverick and assurance shaper with high finding to win. 1.2 †General Manager Job Description The capacity of a General Manager would incorporate however non be restricted to the undermentioned obligations Planing Administration Providing driving Giving an account of long/transient projects Research/examine recommendations for long/transient projects HR Management Enrollment Advancement/Training Worker Relationss Execution Management Undertaking Management Working WIP Reports Supervise Management of Individual Projects Spending Planning The board of Sub-Contractors Use of Specifications and Standards Selling and PR Oversee Ad Opportunities Administer Content, Publication and Distribution of all Marketing and Publicity Oversee Press Development Financial Management Give Recommendations sing Investment/Cash Schemes Administer Preparation of Annual Budgets. Give Vision and Advise sing Overall Financial Health and Long Range Fiscal Planning Managerial Management Guarantee Accurate Quality Control through ISO9001 Procedures/SSAIB/BAFE Administer High Standards of Health and Safety Help in Development of Quality Processes and Procedures to Guarantee Continuing Efficiency 1.3 †Ideal General Manager Competencies The capacity of General Manager takes obligation for all nations of a worry including the gross and cost components of the worry. I accept to have the option to move out this capacity effectively I will require to gangs the undermentioned achievements and capabilities. Initiative Skills †To have the option to guide the organization towards a unified end and gracefully our customers with a quality assistance. Hierarchical Commitment †To be 100 % focused on the organization and its finishes so as to activate the organization and gracefully driving. Reasonable Thinking †To happen new and propelled approaches to build up the worry and gracefully new administrations and encounters to customers Discretion †To help in assurance formulating and official maps Creating Others †To ensure that the organization prevails in all undertakings and strains steadfast and decided staff. Vitality and Passion †To drive a crew and incite them to ship out obligations as well as could be expected. 1.4 †Ideal General Manager Competencies The makings required for the capacity of General Manager would be as underneath, this is non an exhaustive rundown yet I accept that these makings and encounters are basic to ship out this capacity effectively. Ideally an evaluation in Business Management or equivalent level of understanding. A lower breaking point of 5 mature ages concern understanding. Self evident record of progress at a senior degree inside a general heading capacity in a tantamount organization, sooner including the bearing of safeguarding and capable staff. Wide business experience, including money, concern course, HR and IT. Demonstrate IT competency in financial groups for example Sage Solid relational achievements, with the capacity to pull off and create staff making great crew work. Capacity to create, actualize, oversee and delegate strong concern and financial frameworks and processs Experience and fear of human asset examples, strategies and processs Past experience of Health and Safety approaches, processs and designs 2 †Professional Competencies Development I have given beneath a capabilities framework that distinguishes nations in which I have demonstrated I meet the required skills for the General Manager Role. I have other than distinguished spreads that will require joining in and activity previously 2.1 †Competence Matrix Ability Circumstance/Action/Outcome Further Actions Required Initiative Skills I have more than 200 security and fire frameworks that require care and responsive plants. A segment of my occupation is to oversee the arranging of these plants and do hourly judgments on which calls are responded to first because of criticalness. We late had a condition of illicit relationships where a structure had been struck by lightning and this had effectively exploded the fire alarm framework. As the structure was a wellbeing Center with all day, every day tenants this demonstrated a health and security exigency as without a working fire framework the building would hold to be cleared. Checking which staff were on relocation I re-directed applied researchers over to site, this must be finished in hand-off because of the length of clasp it took to fix to ensure that applied researchers did non bargain their ain wellbeing and security. Finishing plants like this urges my staff to work effectually as a crew go forthing the site with each piece a lot of data as feasible for the a ccompanying applied researcher to dominate. While completing these exigency works we other than need to cover whatever other calls that emerge all through the twenty-four hours, so on this point I made the assurance to utilize fleeting sub-provisional work to ship out plants to ensure continuation of administration. The wellbeing Center fire alarm framework was fixed inside 24 hours with tenants of the site non being insightful that there was ever such an issue and different customers were managed quickly with the creation of sub-provisional work. While being a strong pioneer I discover I am still now and again threatened when encounter emerges with innovation staff. I have put this tormenting down to a restricted capable insight and this ought to be improved. Hierarchical Committedness I late changed the way our administration segment runs. We used to run applied researchers inside core concern hours 08:30 †17:00, with an exigency administration to cover outside these occasions. It got clear to me that because of the idea of the worries we work inside that our core hours expected to adjust to oblige, with applied researchers start and finish times being amazed. You read Head supervisor Person Specification Commerce Essay in classification Article models I addressed my innovation and office staff as this would non simply outcome the applied researchers we would other than hold to adjust our available time ( including mine ) . In the wake of elucidating to everybody the idea of the locales we cared for and the operational difficulties they acquire I was satisfied to see that everybody was truly ready to come in into medications sing a modification in working hours. These adjustments have had positive and negative consequences for the lives of my staff yet I was satisfied and pleased to see that they were all willing to co-work and move in another manner with the organization. This brought about the organization having the option to oblige to new concern and gracefully a drawn-out help where required. I find that there are no spreads inside my hierarchical committedness. At the point when utilized by an organization I am exceptionally faithful and set all endeavor and vitality into doing the organization a triumph. Applied Thinking As the organizations ISO9001 inner listener it is inside my capacity to complete a full arrangement of procedure and strategy reviews at regular intervals. There have been a group of adjustments inside the organization in the course of the most recent a year and this has prompted the re-assessment of our organization systems. I accept that strategies and processs are executed to help a worry in running with polished methodology and quality, non a hinderance. I attempt to impart in the areas that I review that these processs are non set in rock and on the off chance that they accomplish n’t work for the organization so we ought to happen something that does. With this in head I began the review procedure for this twelvemonth, we took a gander at the present strategies and processs inside the area and I plunked down with the Undertaking Managers that need to work to the processs and asked them how they felt the processs supported or obstructed them. They referenced that the proc esss inside their area worked great however the nature of data they got through from the gross incomes segment thwarted them in completing their occupation. I asked them what more remote data could be given to soothe this and we concocted a rundown of additional data. In this example the best choice was non to modify the processs for the introducing segment yet to change the processs for the gross incomes segment. I made and actualized an agenda of data that the gross incomes segment must completion before an occupation can be passed for contract reappraisal. In this situation I comprehended the activity the introducing segment had by putting structures or associations, and tended to the cardinal understood in issue. Reasonable idea incorporates the coordinating of issues and factors into a theoretical model using inductive coherent reasoning that lead to arrangements or achievable alternatives that may non be obviously related or simple I

Pope, John

Pope, John Pope, John, 1822â€"92, Union general in the American Civil War, b. Louisville, Ky. He fought with distinction at Monterrey and Buena Vista in the Mexican War and later served with the topographical engineers in the West. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Pope was made a brigadier general of volunteers. He served in Missouri under John C. Frémont and then under Henry W. Halleck. He was promoted to major general in Mar., 1862. As commander of the Army of the Mississippi, Pope captured New Madrid and Island No. 10 and took part in Halleck's move on Corinth. These successes brought him the command of the newly organized Army of Virginia (June, 1862) and a brigadier generalcy in the regular army. He attributed his bad defeat at the second battle of Bull Run to alleged disobedience on the part of Fitz-John Porter . Removed from command, Pope later campaigned against the Sioux. He commanded (1870â€"83) the Dept. of the Missouri. See study by R. N. Ellis (1970). The Columbia Ele ctronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

The Problem Of Sex Abuse Essay - 1519 Words

Mariana Popa was stabbed to death on October 29, 2013 six weeks pregnant. She was a sex worker and a mother of one. A recent law enforcement crackdown targeting sex workers led Mariana to work alone that night, rather than as usual with other women, to avoid arrest. She was also allegedly working late to pay a fine she had received for soliciting. Mariana’s tragedy is not uncommon. Sex workers are 400 times more likely to become a victim of homicide than the average worker. Current legislation regarding prostitution in the United States works directly against sex workers, the population these laws often claim to protect. The archaic and oftentimes nonsensical laws arose from the insidious problem of puritanical sex negativity within the United States. This systemic oppression of sex workers leads to high levels of violence and disease within their populations. A 2014 study by The Urban Institute explained that the unregulated and â€Å"lucrative underground commercial sex economy in eight large U.S. metropolitan areas brings in anywhere from $40 million annually to as much as nearly $300 million.† The study elaborated on the corruption of the illegal trade, explaining that within the massage parlors and brothels employing non-native women it was â€Å"unclear if workers were sex trafficking victims or working voluntarily.† Presently, there are an estimated 1 million prostitutes in the US, a probably conservative estimate because of the inherent anonymity. Additionally, sex workersShow MoreRelatedFrom the beginning of a child’s life, he/she holds the key to their own destiny. However, this is1000 Words   |  4 Pagesbeginning of a child’s life, he/she holds the key to their own destiny. However, this is no longer the case when child sexual abuse is brought in as a factor. In surveys conducted, it was indicate d that six percent to sixty-two percent of women and two percent to fifteen percent of men have been victims of sexual abuse as a child (Finkelhor 79). That was not their choice. Abuse is the result of force - not from a person’s willingness to fulfill an act. Victims also have to cope with the aftereffectsRead MoreChild Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pagesover a period of years, an increasing amount of attention has been shed to the problem of child sexual abuse in the church. While churches, and other facilities which care for children, have had their experience of this problem, most attention has been brought to the abuse in the Catholic Church. Around the world, case after case has been seen in the press of clergy and members of religious orders being charged with sex offenses against children. Some of these cases go back decades. The issue hasRead MoreMy Paper649 Words   |  3 PagesSex addicts come from dysfunctional families and 90 % of them suffer emotional abuse, 70% physical abuse, and 81% sexual abuse (Miller, 2005). This paper will give a summary on the form of sex addiction. In addition, this will discuss the addiction, sex addiction behaviors, and the treatment. What is sex addiction? Sex addiction is when an individual has strong intense sex desires. A person that’s addicted to sex has repeated sex thoughts and the sex thoughts make it impossible to functionRead MoreProstitution And Sexual Relations With Prostitution1515 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Prostitution could start at any age, depending on the reason why it began. About 40% of prostitutes are former child prostitutes who were illegally forced into the profession through human trafficking or once were teenage runaways (sex-crime.laws.com). There is no need for an education and the amount of money received is something unbelievable. Prostitution is the act of engaging in a promiscuous sexual relations with someone for money. Prostitution is also known as the â€Å"Worlds oldestRead MoreThe Statistics Of Prevalence For Child Sex Abuse Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesThe statistics of prevalence for child sex abuse varies because of all the unique cases of child sex abuse that is reported. Although, statistic show that one in three girls will be sexually abused at one point in the United States and boys are one in seven to be sexually abused (Anderson, 2014). Children are not susceptible to crime as shown in the statistics because predators like pedophiles have fetishes t owards little boy or girls. One study found that 10% of children experienced or came closeRead MoreSex Trafficking : A Form Of Modern Day Slavery1344 Words   |  6 Pageshuman trafficking, but sex trafficking, a form of modern day slavery, has become more prevalent in the world today. Sex trafficking is defined as â€Å"The enslavement of unwilling people who are coerced into a condition for sexual exploitation† (Jefft 221). â€Å"It has been estimated by the U.S. State Department that between 700,000 and 2,000,000 people are trafficked each year worldwide, and 80% of them are being exploited as sexual slaves† (Territo 3). Sex trafficking is a common problem often ignored by societyRead MoreEffects Of The Abuse On Young Adults1694 Words   |  7 PagesChild abuse is an all too common practice in the United States with over six million children affected every year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). In 2012, 82.2% of child abuse perpetrators were fou nd to be between the ages of 18-44, of which 39.6% were recorded to be between the ages of 25-34 (11 facts about child abuse, 2015). Child abuse is a real problem in this world. Child sex abuse includes body contact, such as kissing and oral, anal, or vaginal sex. Sex abuse can alsoRead MoreThe Trauma of Childhood Sexual Abuse Essay1694 Words   |  7 Pageschildhood sexual abuse exist in America today (Darness2Light, 2009a ). This figure continues to grow daily as perpetrators of this crime continue in this destructive path. The definition of child sexual abuse is the force, coercion, or cajoling of children into sexual activities by a dominant adult or adolescent. Sexual abuse of children includes touching (physical) sexually including: fondling; penetration (vaginal or anal using fingers, foreign objects or offenders organs; oral sex, or non-physicalRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects On Women1599 Words   |  7 Pagesmentally as well. Domestic violence is a very imp ortant social issue because it negatively affects both the abuser and the victim. In the article, â€Å"Domestic Violence and Abuse: Types, Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Effects,† the authors, Benedictis, Jaffe, and Segal, claim that, â€Å"Domestic abuse is not a result of losing control; domestic abuse is intentionally trying to control another person. The abuser is purposefully using verbal, nonverbal, or physical means to gain control over the other person† (BenedictisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Half The Sky 964 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of abuses, the inaccuracy of the term â€Å"sex trafficking†, and the initiatives to stop slavery. The first type of abuse discussed includes sex trafficking and forced prostitution. Many would believe that these two types of abuses are one in the same, but they are not. Sex trafficking involves the act of taking a human from one country to another country with the intent to use them for prostitution. Forced prostitution is the act of mentally or physically intimidating a human to perform sex for value

Essay about Globalization and Localization - 1526 Words

The world is a constantly changing place and the relationships, or lack there of, of the people in it are the primary source of the change. Growing partnerships and the creation of a global community are being encouraged and defined by the term known as globalization. At the same time, the need for tradition and individual culture has perpetuated localization. Events that happen everyday around the world prove that both of these phenomena do have a prominent role in our society, and by studying these occurrences, we can better explain the benefits and consequences of the circumstances. Globalization can best be seen in the political and economic realms of society. In general, globalization is an open door type of policy in which†¦show more content†¦The force of many nations pushing down on one nation, has a greater impact than if only one country was making these demands. To know that a global council, the U.N. is willing to take action against you if you do not concur, there is a great strain to give in to the pressure. The strength of many political units is supreme to just one. On the contrary, localization pushes for the independence of one culture and nation from another. This idea intends for all advances within a people to come form that people. Here, there is a stress on distinctiveness. Political ideas stem from what a nation as a whole wants, and feels is the right way to govern themselves. They use their own experiences to lead them. This can help them to build unity throughout their society. Economic interests can flourish in localization when concerns of padding your own wallet come into play. If there is too much open trade, and outside nation can start to dominate your national economy. If this happens, then there is the issue of jobs at home. If your own people aren’t producing products, what are they doing. The job market of your nation with be hurt, and the economy will not be able to survive if no one has any money. By relying on yourself (your nation), there is the possibility that you can maintain stability without any outside influ ences. Therefore, all the moneys being exchanged within the nation will be used in the nation. The major drawback toShow MoreRelatedGlobalization And Localization Of Globalization1093 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization and Localization Globalization is a process of integration, interdependence and development of financial, trade, economic, and communications throughout the nations in the world. It spreads goods, services, ideas and technology to all areas of the world. Also, Localization ensures that products and services are within what certain areas or people want and need in a particular market and allows them to adapt to the different cultures. These terms are important because, we need to helpRead MoreGlobalization and Localization3708 Words   |  15 PagesAnalyze issues of globalization and localization Abstract: How hotel companies keep being successful in international hotel industry (IHI). Nowadays, the stiff hospitality industry situation puts more stress on hotels, especially on international ones. Furthermore, clients who purchase hotels’ products are not only for a place to stay, but more eager to pursuit for an impressive accommodation experience. Globalization helps hotel corporations represent themselves to the world and succeed in operationRead MoreIscuss the Influence of Globalization and Localization1477 Words   |  6 Pages* Discuss the influence of globalization and localization when it comes to marketing brands. Modern business imperatives dictate that companies adopt a strategy of marketing both locally and globally if they have to compete or capture a significant portion of the market. The concept of global village means that the global market is shrinking and barriers that used to be impenetrable are breaking down allowing for businesses to market their brands out of their traditional market strongholds. TheRead MoreEssay on Globalization and Localization in International Politics951 Words   |  4 Pagesother countries is very important to the American economy. Likewise, American influences are important internationally as well. This aspect of the international economy is commonly called globalization. Globalization, as defined by James N. Rosenau in his article The Complexities and Contradictions of Globalization, simply describes the process under which norms, businesses, ideas, products, and other aspects particular to a certain country that are integrated into the everyday life of other countriesRead More Pros and Cons of Globalization and Localization Essays1487 Words   |  6 Pagesenough, America does not only reap the benefits of globalization, but it also basks in the glory of localization. We have, as a country, experienced much success both internationally and domestically. For example, without our international businesses booming the way they are, our country would suffer from a great economical loss. One third of the growth of our economy comes from exports. (The New York Times, 9/15/98) On the other hand, localization brings the citizens a great sense of nationalismRead More Costs and Benefits of Globalization and Localization Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesFor one to understand the costs and benefits of globalization and localization one first needs to understand what each entails. Globalization is when a country involves itself into international affairs, economically, politically or even possibly culturally. Globalization expands beyond the loc al boundaries of a nation and spreads into other communities throughout the world. Localization is when a country chooses not to participate in global affairs and confines itself and its people from takingRead More Globalization Will Prevail Over Localization Essay1079 Words   |  5 Pagescosts and benefits of both Globalization and Localization. Opinions vary greatly concerning this subject. Depending on what part of the world you are from and what your economic standings are you may have an entirely different opinion than someone else. In some aspects Globalization may lessen the impacts of some environmental problems, but may worsen it in others. Before I get to in depth I will clarify the difference between Globalization and Localization. Globalization, in simple terms, is theRead MoreEssay about Globalization Is Superior to Localization1665 Words   |  7 Pagesreferred to as globalization. According to James Rosenau (1997), globalization is a label that is presently in vogue to account for peoples, activities, norms, ideas, goods, services, and currencies that are decreasingly confined to a particular geographic space and its local and established practices (p.15). Even though it seems that the majority of countries are integrating, the rest of the countries believe in the opposite, that is localization. Rosenau (1997) defines localization as a processRead MoreEssay Costs and Benefits of Globalization and Localization2526 Words   |  11 PagesGlobalization is unstoppable. Even though it may be only in its early stages, it is already intrinsic to the world economy. We have to live with it, recognize its advantages and l earn to manage it, said Maria Livanos Cattaui in her article, The global economy - an opportunity to be seized (Business World, 1997). Many authorities agree that as the world enters into the twenty-first century, many economic, political, and cultural changes will take place due to what some people are simply callingRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Globalization and Localization Essay1776 Words   |  8 PagesBefore I start explaining globalization and localization from my point of view and from what I learned from the article given for the assignment, I would like to define the word. Globalization is a term to denote that something is changing humankind’s preoccupation with territoriality and the traditional arrangement of the state system. Globalization is renders boundaries and identity with the land less salient, which means that it allows people, goods, information, norms, practices, and institutions

Importance of Non Conventional Energy by Shanavaz Khan Free Essays

Research has shown that fuels such as oil, gas and even nuclear have a remaining life span of 70 years. As the industrialized modern world consumes increasing amounts of energy, finding non-conventional energy sources becomes essential to sustain worldwide energy demands. There is considerable debate about the efficiency of non-conventional energy and its ability to supply the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Non Conventional Energy by Shanavaz Khan or any similar topic only for you Order Now The contribution of renewable sources of energy remains small however it’s a growing sector with expanding levels of investment. Non-Conventional energy sources can be defined in following types * Water Energy – Hydro-electric power plants are effective in utilizing potential energy stored in water. Ocean contains energy in form of temperature gradients, waves and tides and can be harnessed. * Wind Energy – Wind has kinetic energy that can turn turbines and can be converted to usable power. However the amount of energy that can be derived depends on the speed of the wind. Wind power is one of the most cost-efficient forms of non-conventional energy. Solar Energy – The Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV) technology which enables the direct conversion of sun light into electricity can be used to run pumps, lights, refrigerators, TV sets, etc and it has several distinct advantages since it does not have moving parts, produces no noise or pollution, requires very little maintenance and can be installed anywhere. * Other sources – Geo-Thermal energy, Biomass energy and Bio fuels are other sources of non-conventional energy. All over the developed world importance of these types of non-conventional energy sources has been recognized with international targets set for a massive increase in renewable generation, for example European Union has set 30 percent energy output by 2020. Nevertheless there is need of more thrust to the research and development of non-conventional energy sources not only to mitigate greenhouse effect but also to lessen dependence on fossil fuels. Last but not the least, it is for citizens also to believe in power of renewable energy sources and understand its necessity and importance. How to cite Importance of Non Conventional Energy by Shanavaz Khan, Papers

Announcement Effects On The UK Stock Market -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Announcement Effects On The Uk Stock Market? Answer: Introduction This section of the paper addresses the final results that have been obtained from the earlier section and the measures that have been taken with the help of which effective results have been collected. The results gathered would be connected with the above constructed objectives in order to ascertain whether the results obtained is true for this paper or not. The results are compared with the objectives and accordingly the completion of the paper can be undertaken. This section would even determine the recommendations and the future scope that is associated with this paper. Linking with objectives The repercussions of Brexit will not only be seen in the UK but the remainder of EU will also experience the impacts. Since UK is a major contributor to the EU budget even with the rebates it negotiated. It has become apparent that the remaining EU members will have to put more effort in filling the gap left by the EU. The most pragmatic decision here will be to increase the input of the remaining members. A reduction in the total spending would also be a viable approach but this will also create deficits in the support given to individual member states. In matters of trade, EU exports to the UK will reduce significantly whereas the imports will face higher taxation rates. This is in the event of hard Brexit. A reduction in the EUs GDP after withdrawal of Britain will remove EU from its prestigious position as a trade partner. It can be said that EU may suffer from reduced biomedical research on diseases and their treatments as British Universities have been the centers of research with funding from EU. Final Brexit negotiations may see EU spending more in establishing and upgrading research centers in other EU countries. It can also be concluded that Brexit will shift investments away from Europe over time as UK position in the EU was the main attractant of other foreign markets. An alternative to this would be for new locations to strategically place themselves as preferential investment localities. This can only be achieved if EU pressures national governments to liberalize their markets and create business environments conducive for investment. Brexit will also cause a lag in the adoption of liberalizing policies as it was among the liberal economies in the EU rallying support for more freedom and opposing policies that are illiberal. With its exit, the remaining liberal countries such as Germany, Netherlands, and Ireland will lack the voice, up to 35% of votes to push for the same. Germany will thus particularly be put in a precarious position as it will be leading the opposition in the European Council when deliberating against illiberal policies. The nations who are not so vocal on liberalization will be more powerful. This is also confirmed that the non-Eurozone member states will be overridden in policies that Eurozone members might pass to favor them. UK always blocked such moves and in its absence, the marginalization of the non-Eurozone member states may cause political tension within the EU as these countries will seek to influence and be heard in other ways. Denmark is especially feared to be contemplating a Denxit just like UK after its withdrawal from the Eurozone. This could further trigger similar decisions from other countries that are also after liberalization. When UK effects border controls at the end of negotiations, EU will bear the consequences as more immigrants will divert to other EU countries. As immigrants tend to bring in labor and specialized skills, these other countries will benefit from the influx, Germany has been predicted to experience positive effects on this. On the other hand, countries from which immigrants are drawn particularly Poland will have a surplus of labor and skills but the country will not enjoy financial benefits as this is the major reason why its citizens look for better opportunities elsewhere. Countries like Spain where Briton retirees prefer to settle down will benefit from the pension remittances UK will extend to these retirees in their preferred country of stay. Also, successful border control may trigger other countries to push for immigration policies similar to the UK. France has already shown interest in this however there lies a big difference in the type of immigrants that these countries seek to restrict. While UK targets immigrants from EU, France will be closing in on those from outside EU. Thus, it can be easily comprehended that thoughts correlate with this and also add that the diversion of immigrants into other member states may cause political mayhem as this has also been contentious for other EU member states. Poland will also lose out on the money that its nationals working in the UK usually send home. Recommendations Though the Eurosceptic and the Pro-European factions of the Brexit referendum were very vocal on defending the positions and pushing for their side of the vote, what these two groups did not give was the options to be pursued after the vote outcome.With the leave vote now being a sure thing,Britain must take a path to follow.Research indicates that there are four models that UK could take up,namely: The Norwegian model The Switzerland model The WTO model An FTA model With hard Brexit looming following insinuations by PM Theresa May, the WTO model remains as the plausible option. Under the WTO model, the UK will not be subject to any of the EU legislation and any dealings, particularly in matters of trade, will be done under WTO agreements.UK could regain its freedom and also impose its control on migration(Besslich 2013, p. 42; Vasbo 2015, p. 67). Vasbo(2015)says that this approach would automatically eliminate Britain from the single market which is disadvantageous as it goes against its liberal trading culture and is likely to put off trade with EU due to increased trading costs. The prospect of UK trading with other parts of the world on a solo ticket may also prove futile as most trade partners target the European Single market and hence may look for other partners that will grant them these privileges. The only trade that Britain will be left with is on goods and services that rely on UK competence rather than on the influence of the EU (Irw in, 2015, p. 6; Vasbo, 2015, p. 68).Besslich (2013, p. 42) insists once UK takes this route,there is no rejoining EU when things turn bleak. The second option would be to opt for a bilateral agreement. Such a deal would enable the UK access certain benefits offered by the EU while not being burdened by full membership, Switzerland and Norway enjoy this arrangement.In the Swiss model, the benefits are limited as it only belongs to the European Free Trade Association(EFTA). Switzerland chooses the areas, political or economic that it would wish to cooperate in with the EU. If UK chooses this model,it will be exempted from contributing towards the CFP and CAP;it would also be in a flexible position to pursue its interests in external trade independently or via the EFTAjust like Switzerland does.UK would further be excluded from the employment and social law which it sees as unwarranted burden to employers and businesses.It will only be expected to follow through with the regulations in its bilateral agreements with the EU (Besslich 2013, p. 45). Despite the attractiveness of this model, UK will have to incur the costs ofa loosened integration.Like Switzerland, it will only have access to components of the single market that it has subscribed to hence losing out on the full advantages of the integrated market.UK will no longer influence EU decisions as it will only be required to comply.The free movement of services which UK currently enjoys will be lost and movement of its goods will be subject to the origin rule and this goes against its liberalization ideals(Dhingra et al., 2016, p. 6). For so long Switzerland has failed to reach a consensus with the EU on the regulation of financial services and UK may experience the same difficulties.EU is also unlikely to bow down to the UK demands in such a partnership and as such,weighing the gains and losses of this model,it does not reflect as a rational alternative(Besslich 2013, p. 45; Irwin 2015, p. 6; Vasbo 2015, p. 69). Norway along with Iceland and Liechtenstein belong to the EEA (European Economic Area).EEA members operate in a free trade area which gives these countries control over their trade policies(Dhingra et al. 2016, p. 4). Unlike the EU members, Norway determines the tariffs it imposes on non EEA trade partners and also individually engages those countries outside EU for convenient agreement without interference from EU. Additionally, they have full access to the European single market yet they are not bonafide EU members. This necessitates Norway to adopt EU regulations to standardize operations in the market. The only areas of EU that Norway is excused from are the CAP, CFP, CFSP, monetary, justice and immigration policies(Besslich, 2013, p. 43; Vasbo, 2015, p. 68). As it does not belong to the EU Customs Union, Norway has to comply with the non-tariff barriers of antidumping and rule of origin (Van Reenen 2016, p. 370). If UK negotiates for this model, it will be reprieved of its previous commitments to these policies. Still, the model comes with its own tradeoffs. Like Norway, it may have some input into EU decisions as the Commission consults EEA countries but nevertheless, it will lose its voting rights over any decisions and neither will a friendly stance be found with the European Parliament meaning that they will have to rely on secondary sources on the debates in EU parliament.UK will also be required to continue under the EU regulations in the single market. Its contributions towards the administrative functions of the union will remain and in addition, it will be required to chip in the cohesion fund. Unfortunately,UK will also not be receiving financial support it was used to and can also not negotiate for a rebate for the contributions allocated to it. Though appealing from an economic approach, this model will compromise the sovereignty and political influence of Britain as it will be su bjected to rules that it does not participate in formulating(Besslich 2013, p. 44; Irwin, 2015, p. 6; Vasbo, 2015, p. 68). A final alternative for Britain would be to seek a unique but comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) with EU. It is expected that UK will ask for conditions that will suit it knowing that its influence in the EU is appreciated by its friends. What is uncertain is the extent to which EU member states will compromise to grant UK its wishes, putting in mind that the latter voluntarily walked out on them(Besslich 2013, p. 46).However, it is in the best interests of EU to find a common ground with UK so that the member states may not suffer as they have comparatively invested in UK financial markets and trade. The EU is also more attractive as a trade partner with UK in it as opposed to without it(Irwin 2015, p. 9). UK also would not wish to lose its largest trade partner as this would lead to a loss in trade volumes that could not be covered by other markets.UK would have to give up bits of its sovereignty while EU would allow it liberty in certain areas though not at the expense of th e member states. This would be regarded as an equal exchange though it would take a long time for it to be concluded and a final agreement drawn(Irwin 2015, p. 6; Vasbo 2015, p. 60). Future Scope There are various aspects in accordance to which future researches can be taken. With the advent of time, there can be transformations in the policies and the regulations that can have an impact on the logistics for the unprecedented impacts of Brexit. The changes that would be taking place would helpful in undertaking new and improved researches on similar topics with the help of which better and enhanced researches can be taken in accordance to the changes that have been taking place from time to time. References Alvesson, M. and Skldberg, K., 2017.Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative research. Sage. Archick, K. (2017) The European Union?: Questions and Answers, Congressional Research Service, pp. 122. Bailey, D. and De Propris, L., 2017. What does Brexit mean for UK Automotive and Industrial Policy?.The political economy of Brexit. Newcastle, UK: Agenda Publishing. Bartkova, K. and Ishchuk, N.Y., 2017. Impact of Brexit on the British economy.Topical Issues of Humanities, Technical and Natural Sciences, pp.12-15. Bergmann, J. and Niemann, A. (2013) Theories of European Integration and their Contribution to the Study of European Foreign Policy, 8th Pan European Conference on International Relations, Warsaw, pp. 122. Besslich, N. (2013) Better off out? An Analysis of Britains Gains and Losses in the EU and Alternatives to EU Membership, Freie Universitt Berline Universitt Berlin, (September), pp. 175. Black, J., Hall, A., Cox, K., Kepe, M. and Silfversten, E. (2017) Defence and security after Brexit decision to leave the EU Compendium report, RAND Cooperation, pp. 1205. Born, B., Mller, G., Schularick, M. and Sedlacek, P., 2017. The Economic Consequences of the Brexit Vote. Browne, I. (2017) Neo-liberalism, identity and brexit, Political Science International Relations, pp. 89110. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015.Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Chan, Z.C., Fung, Y.L. and Chien, W.T., 2013. Bracketing in phenomenology: Only undertaken in the data collection and analysis process?.The Qualitative Report,18(30), p.1. Chang, W. W. (2017) Brexit and Its Economic Consequences, Department of Economics,SUNY at Buffalo, pp. 127. Chapman, J. (2004) System failure learn to think differently. Second, DEMOS. Second. London: DEMOS. Corbett, S. (2016) The Social Consequences of Brexit for the UK and Europe, International Journal of Social Quality, 6(1), pp. 137. Coskun, M. 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The foundations of qualitative research.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers, pp.1-26. Ottaviano, G., Pessoa, J. P., Sampson, T. and Van Reenen, J. (2014) The Costs and Benefits of Leaving the EU, LSE/CEP, pp. 115. Ottaviano, G.I.P., Pessoa, J.P., Sampson, T. and Van Reenen, J., 2014. Brexit or Fixit? The trade and welfare effects of leaving the European Union. Perisic, B. (2010) Britain and Europe?: a History of Difficult Relations, Institute of Cultural Diplomacy, pp. 110. Powdthavee, N., Plagnol, A., Frijters, P. and Clark, A., 2017. Who Got the Brexit Blues? Using a Quasi-Experiment to Show the Effect of Brexit on Subjective Wellbeing in the UK. Rittel, H. W. J. and Webber, M. M. (1973) Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning, Policy Sciences, 4, pp. 155169. Schiereck, D., Kiesel, F. and Kolaric, S., 2016. Brexit:(Not) another Lehman moment for banks?.Finance Research Letters,19, pp.291-297. Schoenmaker, D. 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To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries Essay Example

To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries Essay To what extent was the decline of the staple industries the most significant development affecting the people of Wales and England 1880 – 1929? The decline of the staple industries was a very significant development in people’s lives. Before the decline of the staple industries, Britain was known as the â€Å"workshop of the world† this was due to the fact that Britain producing 2/3 of the worlds coal, 50% of the worlds iron and 5/7 of all the worlds’ metal. This all changed when countries like Germany and the US used cheaper methods of extracting and producing these resources that Britain’s buyers looked else wear, the decline of these main industries caused a wave of job losses and other main industries to suffer. Britain lost its place as the most powerful empire; there were many reasons for this. Britain didn’t have the necessary raw materials needed for industrialisation; Britain’s farming industry couldn’t produce enough food to feed the growing population. The Liberal reforms were very significant in people’s lives. There were many reasons for why the liberals decided to reform Britain and these issues are highlighted in Booth and Rowntrees reports about people living below the poverty line. These reports tell us that if someone lost their job before the reforms they had to rely on their savings, family and friends, and the pawn brokers or depend on the poor laws which were the only sort of social protection they had. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Was the Decline of the Staple Industries specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The government hardly ever stepped in to help people, the conservative government and member of the House of Lords all believed that if a person was poor that meant they were lazy; these reports discovered that that wasn’t the case and that in fact the majority of the poorest in society were born there. Some shocking statistics had shown that 11% of primary school children were malnourished and in 1900 the height for enlisting was reduced to 5 feet and even 50% who enlisted were in too ill health. There was a major need to reform, because working conditions needed to be improved in order to improve Britain’s employed for the future. Another significant factor that affected the people of Britain was the changing role of women in Britain. The main cause in the change to women was primarily down to world war one. The war opened up a wider range of occupations to female workers and hastened the collapse of traditional womens employment, particularly domestic service. From the 19th century to 1911, between 11 and 13 per cent of the female population in England and Wales were domestic servants. By 1931, the percentage had dropped to under eight per cent. For the middle classes, the decline of domestic servants was facilitated by the rise of domestic appliances, such as cookers, electric irons and vacuum cleaners. The popularity of labour-saving devices does not, however, explain the dramatic drop in the servant population. Middle-class women continued to clamour for servants, but working women who might previously have been enticed into service were being drawn away by alternative employment opening up to satisfy the demands of war. The number of women in the Civil Service increased from 33,000 in 1911 to 102,000 by 1921. The advantages of these alternative employments over domestic service were obvious: wages were higher, conditions better, and independence enhanced. Another reason was the general strike. The general strike was called by the TUC to support the miners in their quarrel with the mine owners, who wanted to reduce their wages by 13 per cent and increase their shifts from seven to eight hours. Workers in industries such as iron, steel and coal were encouraged to stay off work. The strike affected people across the country because these industries were at a standstill this caused the rest of the country to suffer. To conclude, I think that there were many significant factors that affected the British people and the declined of the staple industries was one of them. However, i think that the most significant factor was the war, as this affected all sexes and age groups across the country and no one was left unscathed by it.

Lies, damned lies and statistics - Emphasis

Lies, damned lies and statistics Lies, damned lies and statistics There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies and statistics. So said Benjamin Disraeli (and later Mark Twain, who was quoting him). Yet the public (and thats all of us, at one time or another) continues to be sucked in by reports based on spurious logic and facts of dubious provenance. If youve ever wondered why, you should read Risk, by Dan Gardner. Its a fascinating explanation of why we fall for sensationalist writing every time. The link between the MMR triple vaccine and autism is one of the latest examples of the triumph of hype over reality. Reports of a link were based on a study involving just a handful of children. And countless subsequent and much bigger studies failed to confirm it. So the UK Government issued a statement saying that there was no link. And thats when it all kicked off probably helped by the Governments denial. (After all, if the Governments denying it, then it must be true, right?) The newspapers began filling up with studies of children whod received the triple jab and then went on to develop the condition. Queues formed at clinics offering measles, mumps and rubella vaccination in three separate injections (a method that unlike the triple jab had never been tested on a large scale for either safety or efficacy). More and more people sought alternatives, such as homoeopathic vaccination. And crucially vaccination rates plummeted, to way below that required to produce herd immunity. Now, years later, measles infection rates have climbed dramatically more than 1300 last year in the UK alone, compared with just 56 ten years ago. The World Health Organization has abandoned its hope of eradicating the disease in the short term. And all because of a dubious, almost certainly unrepresentative study. So why did we fall for it? It would be tempting to say that most people lack the technical knowledge to assess statistics properly. That may be true, but theres more to it than that. Psychology plays a huge part. Our emotions are produced in the parts of the brain that evolved long before the parts that enable us to reason. And we make judgements usually subconsciously based on emotion (or gut feel) long before we use logic to work out if our gut feeling is right. Then theres innumeracy. According to French neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene, were slower to compute 4+5 than 2+3. In fact, humans innate skill with numbers isnt much better than that of rats and dolphins. Its just that weve learned how to overcome it with a lot of effort. (When polled, 45 per cent of Canadians didnt know how many millions there are in a billion, for example.) So instead, people rely on gut feel: autism is a Bad Thing, so MMR must be bad. Logic never really gets a look in. Risk explains in a clear and compelling way why our lives are dominated by irrational fears (as well as why we dont worry about the things we should worry about). Its the perfect antidote to the current epidemic of negative news. And if you dont want to read that, heres another statistic for you, this time from the late comedian George Carlin: Think about how stupid the average person is; now realise half of them are dumber than that.

Human Geography - Abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Geography - Abstract - Essay Example This is what shapes the social behavior for this ferocious animal in the Serengeti. Quammen further notes that for a lion to be found in a wrong social group could in itself mean death as is seen in the case of Hildur which was fleeing from a coalition of four lions known as ‘Killers’ (â€Å"Short Happy Life 7). Death is also illustrated when C-Boy is attacked and sound by the other three male lions-Killers. However, in most cases, the fights between lions are mainly due to the reason of wanting to gain controlling rights over a pride, which in this case belonged to C-Boy. Death for the cubs may result when their father is killed by the ‘Killers’ and their mother lion captured. They are then left for starvation, killed by the ‘Killers’ or left for the hyenas. However, mostly death for lions is as a result of jealousy against one another i.e. the lion is the enemy number one for its kind-lions. In this article, the theme clearly emerges that the reason why lions stay in prides is mainly to protect their offspring from attacks by other coalitions as well as to guard the premium territories they inhabit. In general, the article describes a life which affirms that the Serengeti is not a place for the impaired, the unlucky or the elderly. Quammen, David. "The Short Happy Life of a Serengeti Lion." National Geographic (2013). http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/08/serengeti-lions/quammen-text 2. Living with Lions Human relations with animals are one which is defined by various factors most of which are controversial. Controversial in the sense that choice is made between the domesticated animals and the wild ones. However, for communities who are living next to neighborhoods inhabited by wild animals, daily confrontations with the same is a general phenomenon. Since wild animals such as lions are predators of human beings, there is always a constant struggle for survival in the habitat. In this article, Living with Lions, Qu ammen documents on the relational existence between man and the ‘King of the Jungle’ (â€Å"Living with Lions 10†). First, the article describes the lions are complicated, fearsome animals, which have continually complicated the lives of human beings living among them. This is because the lions are incompatible with the pastoral and farming life of men around them. Therefore, continually man is forced to hunt and kill the lions as a safety precautionary measure. On the other hand, lions as predators are know to cause havoc by attacking and maiming the human beings. This scenario has seen the trend of lions dwindling downwards while that of men who seek for survival trends upwards. Second, the author has also documented on the past trend line of lions as having been that of staying with men since time immemorial. For instance, the Chauvet cave in southern France has Paleolithic painting that vividly show the co-existence between lions and men in Europe nearly 30 m illennia ago. However, this has changed and for a number of reasons such as loss of habitat, and poaching, fragmentation of the habitat, displacement by livestock, ritual killings among particular communities such as the Maasai in Kenya and the unsustainable hunting of lions by affluent Americans (â€Å"Living with Lio

American Independence Forced Founders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Independence Forced Founders - Essay Example From this discussion it is clear that  there is a relationship between business and politics. In order to survive businesswise, there is a tendency by the involved party to play politics in order to have a bigger share of the market. For instance, when Jefferson applied for western grants, the Cherokee Indians played some politics by negotiating a treaty with the British government in order to retain every acre that Jefferson claimed.This paper discusses that  the Hard Labor treaty that aimed at despairing Virginia land owners was politically counteracted by some powerful planters such as Patrick Henry who bought 3,334 acres of land on the Holston and Clinch Rivers from his father-in-law. Although the move was seen as an entrepreneurial one, Henry’s intention was to distort the cutoff of the land with intentions of shifting the boundaries beyond his land.  Ã‚  Slightly after independence, there were disputes between squatters and influential persons such as Washington, w ho blamed the squatters for invading the land in the forbidden one.  In this regard, it is apparent that Virginia’s chose independence not primarily because of economic gains but rather because of political gains. This is why such influential persons did not allow squatters to own land.  Their intentions were to have vast lands that would allow them control the landless. If the intention of independence was for economic gains, then the land ought to have been distributed equally to everyone in order for everyone to benefit equally.... If the intention of independence was for economic gains, then the land ought to have been distributed equally to everyone in order for everyone to benefit equally. Eventually, the farmers who settled in most parts of the land were evicted by someone who secured title after the repeal of the proclamation of 1763. In fact, farmers were firmly opposed to the 1963 proclamation, since it prevented them from securing clear title (Holton, 1999). In light of this, it is clear that politics played a key role in such ordeals. This is arguably true because after independence, it took long before repealing the 1793 proclamation that prevented farmers in securing titles. The repeal caught the farmers unaware where only a few wealthy persons secured titles thus leaving many farmers landless. This is the game of politics as influential persons apply double standards such as retaining the 1763 proclamation to bar people from obtaining titles only to repeal it when a few people have already acquired titles. In one occasion, when John Murray became the governor, he began rewarding veterans with land. Basically, issuing of bounty patents is a clear indication that the choosing of Virginia’s independence was not primarily for economic purposes. Issuing of grants to veterans would have influential support for politicians. Although the veterans would utilize the land in an economic way, the motive behind issuing of the land in politically instigated. In fact, issuing land to veterans would act as a gift and is taken as an asset instead of a means of production. Therefore, very little farming would take place. In another dimension, many influential persons in Virginia pushed for Virginia’s independence to evade paying mounting depts. According

Reasons for the Development of Gothic Architecture

Reasons for the Development of Gothic Architecture Discuss the reasons for the development of the Gothic cathedral and explain how constructional problems were overcome The Gothic cathedral originates from twelfth century France where experimentation with radical new ideas about geometry witnessed a revolution in ecclesiastical architecture. The development of the Gothic style of architecture was not a sudden transformation it evolved over a long period, developing aspects of the Romanesque era which preceded it. Romanesque is characterised by a use of round or slightly pointed arches, barrel vaults, cruciform piers, supporting vaults, and groin vaults.[1] In the Gothic cathedral a greater emphasis was placed on verticality, featuring structures with great expanses of glass, sharply pointed spires, cluster columns, flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, pointed arches and imaginative sculptural detail.[2] The Abbey Church of St. Denis, where St. Deniss famous and influential Abbot Suger directed a west front in 1137, is thought to be the birthplace of the Gothic cathedral[3]. St. Denis was not a cathedral but the work there appears to have inspired refurbishment to the new Gothic style of a large number of Romanesque cathedrals in the surrounding Greater Paris Basin such as Sens (1140s), Notre Dame of Paris (1160), Chartres (1194), and Beauvais (1226).[4] The rediscovery of Eastern architectural styles and construction techniques by Crusaders returning from the Holy Land contributed to these developments in France.[5] For example, the flying buttress was a late Roman invention which was copied by the Arabs, and subsequently incorporated into what we now know as ‘Gothic.’[6] Ecclesiastical architecture was one of the most important statements of power, wealth and respect, and during the twelfth century when royal power was struggling to reassert itself, cathedral building was seen as a way of regaining the trust and admiration of the public. As Victor Hugo said of Notre-Dame: Each face, each stone of this venerable monument is not only a page of the history of the country, but also of the history of knowledge and art. Time is the architect, the people are the builder.[7] The complex architectural design of Notre-Dame reflects the influences of the rulers of the time and illustrates how important the construction of the early Gothic cathedral was to the leading powers of the country. During the reign of Louis VI and Louis VII the monarchy began to establish itself as a predominant power and unlike other regions of France where powerful counts supported the construction of monasteries and cathedrals, the Greater Paris basin had experienced minimal development of its ecclesiastical architecture. As Scott says: ‘The absence of a recent regional style, combined with the fact that most abbeys and cathedrals in the Greater Paris Basin were old and in disrepair, created an opportunity for wholesale renewal of churches that could not have arisen elsewhere.’[8] Cathedral building was to transcend its humble beginnings of the ideas of Abbot Suger, gradually transforming the earlier Romanesque style into something entirely new. The new style evolved across northern France and in1174 marked its arrival in England during the rebuilding of the twelfth century choir at Canterbury. The relationship between England and France was close compared to other countries: many high-ranking clergymen of twelfth-century England were French, and others who were English by birth had been educated at the great cathedral schools of France, such as Chartres and Notre Dame. Furthermore, in England, where the trend of post-Norman invasion architecture was coming to an end, there was a niche for a new style. As centre of the head of the Church of England, Canterbury Cathedral inspired the Gothic church building movement in England. The choir, which had been gutted by fire, was rebuilt as a shrine of the murdered archbishop, St. Thomas Becket. Cathedrals which follow ed the Gothic design included Chichester (c. 1187), Winchester (c. 1190), Lincoln (c. 1192), and Llandaff, Wales (c. 1193).[9] Constructional Problems The sheer size and volume of the masonry involved presented problems during the construction of Gothic cathedrals. In order to reach the great heights of the cathedrals elaborate scaffolds were needed, which were made of wood, together with winch systems. These materials would have suffered in bad weather, and during the winter coverings would have been put up so that some progress could be made.[10] The features of the evolving Gothic style such as the large stained-glass windows, the flying buttresses, and ribbed vaults perhaps caused the most problems during construction. Larger windows were desired to allow more light than traditional styles. This meant that the buildings had to be taller using flying buttresses to support higher ceilings with rib vaults to support. Although funded by the clergy, large scale projects still relied on limited resources. Costs of quarrying and transporting stone were high so in compensation vaults were made thinner.[11] Unfortunately this meant that vaults collapsed, and it was only through a process of experimentation and learning that these problems were overcome. The roof supports had to be aesthetically pleasing as well as functional. In France it was practice to thin the supports, and arrange them as ‘integral parts of an articulated system, of which the ribbed vaults were the crowning feature, (which) imparted a new vitality and dyn amic quality.’[12] In addition to this, the shafts supporting the cross-arches were often brought out and given greater distinction. The introduction of rib vaults also meant that secondary shafts were needed to support them.[13] The demand for light and stained glass meant a deviation from traditional circular designs in window surrounds. At Laon, the circular design of the window surround was incongruous with the flat surface of the glass.[14] At the same time a similar aesthetic conflict had sprung up between the rib-vault in the apse and its semicylindrical form. The development of the polygonal apse meant that these problems could be resolved. As Frankl explains it: ‘Even seen at an angle, a semicylindrical apse will always appear frontal, whereas in a polygonal apse, though one may stand frontally to one side, one will always see slanting sides at the same time. Several images are seen simultaneously, and all are included in the optical impression of the whole.[15] This solution to the problem is a fine example of how Gothic architecture experimented with appearance and form: designs became ambitious and it was the duty of the architect and builders to try and fulfil them. In conclusion, the evolution of the Gothic cathedral was an expensive and dynamic phenomenon which was driven by the ruling powers of the lands. As the buildings represented so much to both the prelates and the public the problems encountered during construction appear to have been a serious challenge, albeit one accepted by the society of the time. Bibliography Frankl, P., 1962, Gothic Architecture. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Davidson, C, 2002, Abbeys and Cathedrals. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/churchlj/cathedral_04.shtml) Davis, M. T., 1998, Splendor and Peril: The Cathedral of Paris, 1290-1350. The Art Bulletin, Vol. 80 Harvey, J, 1950, The Gothic World, 1100-1600: A Survey of Architecture and Art. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd Scott, R.A, 2003, The Gothic Enterprise: A Guide to Understanding the Medieval Cathedral. California: University of California Press The Social Background of Gothic Cathedrals. 2004, Architectural Science Review. Volume: 47. Issue: 2. University of Sydney, Faculty of Architecture: Gale Group Online encyclopaedia: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque) Online encyclopaedia: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Cathedral#Characteristics) 1 [1] Online encyclopaedia: ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque)  Ã‚   [2] Online encyclopaedia: (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Cathedral#Characteristics)   [3] Scott, R.A, 2003, The Gothic Enterprise: A Guide to Understanding the Medieval Cathedral. California: University of California Press, p.12.   [4] Ibid, p.12-13.   [5] Davidson, C, 2002, Abbeys and Cathedrals. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/churchlj/cathedral_04.shtml)   [6] The Social Background of Gothic Cathedrals. 2004, Architectural Science Review. Volume: 47. Issue: 2. University of Sydney, Faculty of Architecture: Gale Group, p.209.   [7] Quoted from Davis, M. T., 1998, Splendor and Peril: The Cathedral of Paris, 1290-1350. The Art Bulletin, Vol. 80.   [8] Scott, R.A, 2003, The Gothic Enterprise: A Guide to Understanding the Medieval Cathedral. California: University of California Press, p.13.   [9] Ibid, pp.14-15.   [10] Davidson, C, 2002, Abbeys and cathedrals. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/lj/churchlj/cathedral_04.shtml)   [11] The Social Background of Gothic Cathedrals. 2004, Architectural Science Review. Volume: 47. Issue: 2. University of Sydney, Faculty of Architecture: Gale Group, p.209.   [12] Harvey, J, 1950, The Gothic World, 1100-1600: A Survey of Architecture and Art. London: B. T. Batsford Ltd, p.59.   [13] Ibid, p.59.   [14] Frankl, P., 1962, Gothic Architecture. Baltimore, MD: Penguin, p.42.   [15] Ibid, p.43.

How People Behave And Perform As A Group Education Essay

How people behave and perform as members of a group is every bit of import as their behavior or public presentation as persons. Pulling on your ain experiences and on the theory and research on groups, discourse critically how working in a group can be both psychologically rewarding every bit good as potentially demanding for the person. For illustration, you could utilize your experience of working as a group on a undertaking in a university or in your workplace Contentss: Aim of the Assignment Introduction Individual behavior and public presentation Peoples behaviour and public presentations as members of a group Pros & A ; Cons of working together for an person Critical Analysis & A ; Conclusion Mentions Aim of the Assignment: The chief purpose of this assignment given to each person is to analyse and research on how people behave and to detect closely their public presentation as an person or members of a squad which are every bit of import. Besides sing our ain experience being a squad member or working separately on a undertaking and analysing how it would be honoring both potentially and psychologically. To understand it in a much simple manner allow me set the full purpose into a mathematical equation, which is as follows:Peoples Behaviour + Performance as a squad member = Individual behavior + Individual public presentationThis Equation would look to be about similar when we look at the Left Hand side & A ; Right Hand Side, but it is non, because with my experience as an perceiver, when we look at people ‘s behavior and their public presentation as a squad member, we can besides do out their single behavior and their single public presentation. If we understand any portion of the equation, we can acquire to cognize that person or presume the other portion of the equation, as each portion is interlinked with the other. For illustration: To gauge the value of ‘A ‘ where C = A + B, and C = 10. We can presume B to be of ten value and the value of A = 10 – ten. It might look to be small confusing and complicated but in my position if we understand or analyze a individual in one facet, we can foretell the other facets as good, wherein each facet is every bit of import and rewarding. Introduction: It is really interesting to cognize or to foretell how one single reacts or behaves in an Organization. It feels really good when we can foretell the behavior of a individual if we understand the fortunes good. Is n't it interesting? Well it is for me at least. â€Å" What is Organizational Behavior? † ( 2006, Vandeveer, Menefee, Sinclair ) It is the methodological analysis to understand how single, people or group behaves at workplaces. The whole construct is to understand and foretell the human behaviour in the organisation. In an organisation we have directors who are the leaders and the persons working under them are its followings. If we understand the behavior of the followings and its leaders so it would take us to the success of the organisation as we would be able to cognize the attack of each in assorted state of affairss. Well now we get another inquiry in our head which is â€Å" Does Organisational Behavior require a systematic attack? † ( 2006, Vandeveer, Menefee, Sinclair ) Many people think that it is merely the common sense that we need to use and many think it is merely intuition, but how would this be defined. In my position, common sense is our ain personal sentiments which non needfully be right and intuition is our ain feeling which can non be supported by any theory. Yes, there is a systematic attack for OB because the organisations change, competition addition, affect of engineering on assorted persons. So, we must alter our thought of foretelling people by our common sense and intuitions to following up a systematic system to understand behavior of organisations, persons and groups. I would take this as a privilege to portion my experience as the School Leader for three old ages where I was besides the President of the School Parliament and The Prefect to stand for our Educational Society. It was a ambitious function as I had to pull off all the section and besides study to the office with the behaviors of different cabinet members in the proper running of Assorted Houses. I had to supervise each subsidiary who had a direct attack with the pupils, having their feedback and paying concern to their jobs. Bing immature I had to foretell or presume few things in ways which did non had any theoretical support, but this was necessary to decently understand their behavior and attacks to assorted state of affairss to accomplish the purpose provided and carry through the undertaking anyhow. For illustration: If we analyze an person on a peculiar undertaking, we can presume that individuals ‘ attack to the other undertaking. There are besides elements which act as base for a strong foundation of the organisation where in the directions vision, doctrine, civilization and ends are most of import. There are used to put the organisations environment ( Organizational Behavior.A Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nwlink.com/~donclark/leader/leadob.html. Last accessed 19 March 2010. ) The people working in the organisation as persons contribute as the whole to present quality work. The result is the public presentation, development, satisfaction and growing of single. All these elements together build the model of the organisations ‘ public presentation. When I was working for Michael Dell as his declaration expert, I had to be a portion of a group of experts where each single public presentation was calculated wittingly or unwittingly. A path record of each person was maintained and farther public presentation was besides forecasted. It gave everyone an purpose to accomplish, though with tonss of force per unit area as the organisations public presentation was dependent on us irrespective of our psychological wages. We as persons in a group learnt a batch as it gave us an first-class exposure, pleasant for few, and non for few. Individual behavior and public presentation: Martin Goodyer ( 2009 ) ( is an experient professional manager and behavioral alteration practician. He is a corporate manager with a background of 17 old ages in senior concern direction and development ) negotiations about transforming attitude and behaviour jobs into assets. He says that all persons in some point or the other have jobs with their behavior which straight or indirectly affects them at their workplace with the alteration in public presentation degree. Some managers with their single behavior jobs drive their organisation backwards. This is a common thing which we see around us, non merely with managers but besides with other staff members who are trained to present and besides provided support but they are non able to present the undertaking good due to some behavioural or attitudinal issue, that ‘s halting them traveling frontward. Recognizing this is the first of import thing and second is what could be done in work outing the job and change overing it into r ewards/assets. All persons in the organisation could n't be an plus but some of them are who could turn themselves from the behavioural job and can add value to the organisation, alternatively bing the organisation. There is no common sense or logic in work outing the job as worlds are driven by their emotions and non by logic because emotions control our behavior. So, it is our emotions that cause a alteration in our behavior which affect us psychologically and potentially. In order to execute good in a group, each person must screen their ain behavioral job which could originate by itself or while being a portion of the squad. We can happen that issue which is impacting our public presentation and make something about it. Some persons change their behavior or undergo an emotional stimulation under the influence of other individual ‘s behavior in order non to see the hurting or to do them experience better from insight. We can besides analyse them and detect what they are making and why they are making it and understand their behavioural model in order non to acquire a hapless public presentation degree. Even in the most ambitious fortunes we must keep a good degree of communicating in or der to construct a resonance with everyone so that we can cognize the job which is bing organisation and single in public presentation. Tom DeMarco ( 2008 ) negotiations about different forms of Behaviour, where he says, how good a human encephalon is in acknowledging forms. It records different forms which controls our behavior. Our head tries to retrieve assorted forms unconsciously by assorted names or features which we react consequently when our head identifies a similar state of affairs once more. So far there have been 88 different forms over 37 old ages across 25 states which are recognized, each of which has been given a snappish name to retrieve and an essay about it to acknowledge a form and how to continue. The behavior which we adapt might be good or really good in fact, but sometimes it might be destructive and leads to defeat. In my ain experience as the School Rep as mentioned earlier, I had to undergo many emotional stimulation and observe assorted forms in order to set my behavior suited with everyone so that the public presentation degree does non travel bad. I had to keep a proper O degree with everyone about so that everyone could breath good and there prevail no opposition. An single differ from the other in sentiments, attitudes, beliefs, committedness, communicating, experience, civilization, values, instruction, intelligence, emotions, age and life manner, and I got to cognize these different facets with the experience or exposure which I got. The chief thing is communication accomplishments and merely through unfastened and crystalline communicating accomplishments we would be able to transport forward information good with proper lucidity and present it good. It helped me a batch while undergoing this, as this helped me to be emotionally flexible and acknowledging my possible as a leader with a self-praise of assurance. It was a ambitious undertaking, though interesting and cherishable throughout. â€Å" Abilities such as being able to actuate oneself and prevail in the face of defeat ; to command unprompted and delay satisfaction ; to modulate one ‘s tempers and maintain hurt from drenching the ability to believe ; to sympathize and to trust. † ( Daniel Goleman ) . It is non an easy undertaking to actuate our ego when we are hard-pressed or non feeling good. But, if we master in this so it becomes really easy to do right determinations and execute better as it is observed that emotions change quickly at work, due to the circumstance or state of affairs in which we are. OB is really complex as it deals with cardinal things like motive ; it deals with emphasis which is a chief concern these yearss. Some persons find it easier to expose or to stamp down certain emotions or emphasis and accordingly can hold less negative effects. ( Totter dell & A ; Holman, 2003, Call Centre Employees ) . Peoples behaviour and public presentations as members of a group: Harmonizing to Donelson R. Forsyth ( 2006 ) , aA groupA is connexion of two or more persons who are connected to one another by societal relationships. Normally we find that different authors come out with their ain definition of what a group is because they write in respects on their work. Some definitions of a Group: â€Å" Conceiving of a group as a dynamic whole should include a definition of group that is based on mutuality of the members. â€Å" A Kurt LewinA ( 1951: 146 ) â€Å" We mean by a group a figure of individuals who communicate with one another frequently over a span of clip, and who are few plenty so that each individual is able to pass on with all the others, non at second-hand, through other people, but face-to-face. â€Å" A George HomansA ( 1950: 1 ) â€Å" To set it merely they are units composed of two or more individuals who come into contact for a intent and who consider the contact meaningful. â€Å" A Theodore M. Mills ( 1967: 2 ) â€Å" A group is a aggregation of persons who have dealingss to one another that make them interdependent to some important grade. As so defined, the termA groupA refers to a category of societal entities holding in common the belongings of mutuality among their constitutional members. â€Å" A Dorwin Cartwright and Alvin ZanderA ( 1968: 46 ) â€Å" Descriptively talking, a psychological group is defined as one that is psychologically important for the members, to which they relate themselves subjectively for societal comparing and the acquisition of norms and values, †¦ that they in private accept rank in, and which influences their attitudes and behavior. â€Å" A John C Turner ( 1987: 1-2 ) â€Å" A group exists when two or more people define themselves as members of it and when its being is recognized by at least one other. â€Å" A Rupert BrownA ( 1988: 2-3 ) What I feel, a group is a set of different persons who are involved in the group and has a particular bonding amongst them so that they can put to death the undertaking good by demoing first-class public presentation. Sing my experience so far for working in assorted groups at School, College, University or work topographic point ; to present first-class quality work: We should be able to understand each other good in a group because we are sailing ‘in the same boat ‘ ( Brown 1988: 28 ) , so it is good to understand each other psychologically. We should be able to pass on with each other in a clear manner in order to acquire the right response, transmit orders, to acknowledge jobs, to obtain or supply feedback, to cognize others perceptual experiences and to defy struggles. ( Wendy Bloisi, Curtis W. Cook and Phillip L. Hunsaker 2007:355 ) . With my experience, we must pass on in a proper which is really indispensable because it allows the squad members to co ordinate assorted things, portion information with lucidity and fulfill each other demands good. As we are given a undertaking to put to death as a group, we must execute it with high values and criterions and alternatively of taking single recognition ; we must retrieve that our squad is defined by us as a whole and by others working with us as a squad. As Benson ( 2000:5 ) says, â€Å" We must come together to work on common and for in agreement intents † which harmonizing to me is honoring for all in the squad. Pros & A ; Cons of working together for an person: Stephen P. Robbins ( 2005 ) gives us the grounds of why single tend to organize groups. His first ground is Security & A ; Status which everyone is concerned today. None would wish to jeopardize themselves. We feel secure as we are non put to deathing the undertaking entirely and there are others in the group every bit good to supply originative input which gives a multi dimensional position to the undertaking and which in return besides yields better public presentation. It besides helps us acknowledge our potency of working in a group, as in a group when we execute the undertaking given to us ; we get to cognize our capacity of executing that undertaking which is besides psychologically honoring. We besides urge to be a portion of the group because consciously we are cognizant of accomplishing the end if we are a portion of a group instead than working entirely by our ego where we are cognizant of non accomplishing the end because of deficiency of diverseness and inputs. ( Stephen P. Robbins 2005 ) . Hence, it is an chance to work together in groups on undertakings. â€Å" The many are smarter than the few † James Suriwiecki ( 2004 ) As we have seen in single public presentation and behaviour subdivision, persons besides get to cognize their behavior towards other and how it can be altered to experience happy from penetration. They tend to cognize them self much better with the feedback which they get, if it ‘s taken positively by them or else it might take to struggles which is a downside. There are besides jobs which teams face, such as: form of work, accomplishing the end, deficiency in preparation or support, civilization and communicating. ( Betty Conti and Brian H. Kleine 1997 ) . The direction of the organisation must finalise a form or construction of work that best suits the organisation. Sometimes there might be some jobs in the organisation or persons ain committednesss which might upset the docket of the squad. To get the better of this we must ever maintain path of the end to be achieved which is really of import for the squad ‘s public presentation. The direction must besides supply proper preparation and support to the squad participants in order to anticipate good consequences from them. If they do n't acquire proper support or possess deficiency of preparation, so it might take to group ‘s failure. Sometimes people from different civilization may happen it hard to get by up with the state of affairs and there could besides stay some communic ating spread. Robert Loo and Karran Thorpe ( 2002 ) references emphasis which is a factor to worry in squad work caused due to clip force per unit area or defeat. This definitely affects the public presentation as negative response is expected at nerve-racking state of affairss. Persons working in a group are stressed due to non active engagement of the squad mates which increases work burden. Therefore, we must take attention of all these things in order to avoid squads ‘ failure and obtain better consequences. It is besides good for organisation to back up squad work as it would pull more figure of best people to fall in their organisation so that the organisation could execute better. My position is that, it depends all in the organisation which pattern it adapts to give net income and vie with the remainder in the sphere. Critical Analysis & A ; Decision: Working in a group is more good as it is a topographic point where dealingss can turn and a topographic point where people can happen support which is honoring personally. Many people, like me, like to socialise a batch and I ever believe in group work because it yields choice work due to different persons present in group with different mentalities and thoughts, though it is a disputing undertaking to pull off them, as I have an experience of taking a few groups. It is besides potentially demanding as while working together we unconsciously compete with one another and tend to give our best which lets us cognize our ultimate potency and when each clip we go beyond our possible it is good for an person ‘s personality. It is besides psychologically honoring due to the points mentioned earlier. None would wish to neglect at any point and ache their ego regard and position. Working is a group besides helps us beef up our ego regard, behavior with others and command our emotions. For us to do certain that a group delivers the effectual work with efficiency, the squad members in the group must be competent in utilizing all their minute accomplishments. â€Å" Worlds are non born with these accomplishments ; they must be developed. † ( Johnson and Johnson 2003: 579 ; 581 ) This is the best thing which I liked the most while working on this. None of us have come out from the uterus with some particular accomplishments ; it is here were we learn ; which is endlessaˆÂ ¦

Virginia Mason Hospital

What were reasons for implementing lean management at Virginia Mason Hospital? Lean thinking begins with driving out waste so that all work adds value and serves the customer’s needs. Identifying value-added and non-value-added steps in every process is the beginning of the journey toward lean operations. In order for lean principles to take root, leaders must first work to create an organizational culture that is receptive to lean thinking. The commitment to lean must start at the very top of the organization, and all staff should be involved in helping to redesign processes to improve flow and reduce waste. Although health care differs in many ways from manufacturing, there are also surprising similarities: Whether building a car or providing health care for a patient, workers must rely on multiple, complex processes to accomplish their tasks and provide value to the customer or patient. Waste —of money, time, supplies, or good will — decreases value. And the CEO of VM realized several reasons for them to implement lean management to improve the poor performance of the old system: 1. The path to better quality and safety is the same as the path to reduced cost. 2. VM’s old system is full of waste (non-value-added activities), need to systematically reduce and eliminate that waste. 3. Improvement is not coming from a technological arms race. What is VMPS and what are its main principles? The Virginia Mason Production System (VMPS) is a management method based on manufacturing principles that seeks to continually improve how work is done. Using this method, Virginia Mason (VM) identifies and eliminates waste and inefficiency in the many processes that are part of the health care experience, making it possible for VM staff to deliver the highest quality and safest patient care. By streamlining repetitive and low-touch aspects of care delivery, staff and providers spend more time talking with, listening to and treating patients. Virginia Mason’s vision is to be the Quality Leader in health care. This vision requires adopting a paradigm shift from expecting errors and defects, to believing that the perfect patient experience is possible. Key to accomplishing this is understanding that staff who do the work know what the problems are and have the best solutions. VMPS strategies range from small-scale ideas tested and mplemented immediately to long-range planning that redesigns new spaces and processes. VM uses several continuous improvement activities, such as Rapid Process Improvement Workshops (RPIWs) and kaizen events focused on incremental changes, as well as 3P workshops intended to completely redesign a process. VM has held 850 continuous improvement activities involving staff, patients and guests. VM leaders saw value in the TPS principles of mak ing quality and safety a top priority, relentlessly focusing on the customer, reducing waste (of which health care has an abundance), and engaging staff in continuous improvement. The idea behind VMPS is to achieve continuous improvement by adding value without adding money, people, large machines, space or inventory, all toward a single overarching goal — no waste. Explain main wastes of resources that VMPS targets. The idea behind VMPS is to achieve continuous improvement by adding value without adding money, people, large machines, space or inventory, all toward a single overarching goal — no waste. VMPS has six areas of focus: †¢ â€Å"Patient First† as the driver for all processes to eliminate †¢The creation of an environment in which people feel safe and free to engage in improvement–including the adoption of a â€Å"No-Layoff Policy† †¢Implementation of a company-wide defect alert system called â€Å"The Patient Safety Alert System† †¢Encouragement of innovation and â€Å"trystorming† (beyond brainstorming, trystorming involves quickly trying new ideas or models of new ideas) †¢Creating a prosperous economic organization primarily by eliminating waste †¢ Accountable leadership Instead of doctors waiting until the end of the day to go though a stack of patient records, they now write comments and recommendations immediately after seeing the patient before going to see the next one. The time saved increases the time a physician can spend with a patient. Most of the cost of medical care involves clogs in the flow of information — paper forms, lab results, phone messages, often leading to irritated patients. Two details on this list bear further explanation. The No-Layoff Policy is critical to the success of implementing lean management. People will more fully commit nd engage in improvement work if they are not worried about improving themselves out of a job. Attrition, typically steady in health care, will enable most organizations to reassign staff to other necessary work. A culture shift is important here as well: Staff, especially in health care, do not typically view themselves as working for the organization, but for their individual department and/or care team. In lean thinking, the patient/customer drives all processes, and staff/providers must come to understand that they work for the patient. This means they may be reassigned depending on the needs of the patients. Secondly, the defect alert system is a fundamental element of the TPS, known as â€Å"stopping the line. † Every worker in the Toyota plant has the power and the obligation to stop the assembly line when a defect or error is identified or even suspected. Workers pull a cord, a light goes on, music plays as a signal for supervisors to come and help, and the entire assembly line either slows or stops (depending on the degree of the defect resolution time) while line workers and supervisors assess and fix the problem, often preventing an error from becoming embedded in the final product. This typically happens many times a day. The theory behind stopping the line is that mistakes are inevitable, but reversible. Defects are mistakes that were not fixed at the source, passed on to another process, or not detected soon enough and are now relatively permanent. If you fix mistakes early enough in the process, your product will have zero defects. Mistakes are least harmful and easiest to fix the closer you get to the time and place they arise. The reverse is also true. What is patient safety alert system and how it works? Virginia Mason used VMPS to develop a Patient Safety Alert (PSA) system requiring all staff who encounters a situation likely to harm a patient to make an immediate report and cease any activity that could cause further harm. If the safety of a patient is indeed at risk, an investigation is immediately launched to correct the problem. Most reports are processed within 24 hours – a significant improvement from when reports took three to 18 months to resolve. Patient safety at VM has increased and professional liability claims have dropped. Explain the main results of implementing VMPS. Since adopting VMPS, Virginia Mason teams have achieved significant organizational and departmental improvements: †¢Reduced the time it takes to report lab test results to the patient by more than 85 percent. †¢Improved the percent of time nurses spend in direct patient care from 35 percent to 90 percent. †¢Reduced bedsores (a common problem in hospitals) from 8 percent to less than 2 percent, preventing 838 patients per year from acquiring bedsores. †¢Saved $1 million in supply expense in 2009. Reduced professional liability insurance 48. 9 percent from 2004 to 2009. †¢Reduced laboratory staff walking distance by 2. 8 miles and removed 357 hours of lead time from lab operations. †¢Pharmacy improved medication distribution from physician order to availability for administration from 2. 5 hours to 10 minutes and reduced incomplete inpatient medication orders from 20 to 40 percent to less than 0. 2 percent; bo th were achieved through process improvement and computer physician order entry (CPOE) implementation